Emergency ureteroscopic treatment for upper urinary tract calculi obstruction associated with acute renal failure: feasible or not?

PURPOSE To determine the efficacy and safety of emergency ureteroscopy (URS) and holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy for ureteral calculi that are associated with acute renal failure (ARF). PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated a cohort of 49 patients who underwent URS from November 2005 to November 2008 for ARF that was caused by calculi obstruction of the upper urinary tract. The mean (maximal diameter) stone size was 1.48 cm. Acute renal failure was demonstrated by oliguria or anuria and marked increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. All the patients were treated with URS and Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy emergently. Ureteral stent placement was performed in all cases after lithotripsy. A plain film of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder and abdominal ultrasonography were performed to evaluate efficacy of treatment on the first day postoperatively. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and urine volume were successively monitored until they returned to normal. All patients had postoperative imaging, including ultrasonography and excretory urography, to confirm stone clearance and exclude late obstructive complications 3 months after URS. RESULTS URS and laser lithotripsy were successfully performed in all patients. There were no major intraoperative complications, and no procedure was converted to open surgery. The mean operative time was 35 minutes. The successful fragmentation rate was 95.5%. The overall stone-free rate was 91.8%. Normal renal function returned in 46 (93.8%) patients within 7 days. No postoperative ureteral stricture occurred after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS URS and Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy represent an effective and safe modality for treating patients with ARF that is caused by calculi obstruction of the upper urinary tract in strictly selected situations.